Orange Pi 6 Review: A New 45 TOPS AI SBC Beats Raspberry Pi HATs in Speed

Installing the NVMe and Wi-Fi Card

The Opi 6 board includes two M.2 2280 NVMe slots and an M.2 2230 Key E slot for installing a Wi-Fi/Bluetooth card. In our setup, we installed an XrayDisk 1TB Pro PCIe Gen3 X4 NVMe drive. If you are running low on NVMe storage and intend to use the device as a NAS, you can connect an external HDD to one of the two available USB 3.0 ports on the board. In this less-than-ideal configuration, we used basic wire-type antennas, which should deliver decent performance.

Installing NVMe and WiFi Card

GNOME Disks (`gnome-disk-utility`) Benchmarking (Read & Write)

Brand	Filesystem	Model/Description	Capacity
XrayDisk	ext4	Pro PCIe Gen3 X4 NVMe drive	1TB

Test No.	Test Sample Size (MiB)	No. of Samples	Results
1	100MiB	100	Read: 3.0 GB/s Write: 892.4 MB/s
2	250MiB	100	Read: 2.5 GB/s Write: 899.7 MB/s
3	500MiB	100	Read: 2.6 GB/s Write: 906.7 MB/s
4	700MiB	1000	Read: 2.7 GB/s Write: 889.4 MB/s

GNOME Disks Test resuls (Screenshots)

Benchmark results for Orange Pi 6 showing disk performance metrics and average read/write speeds.

Benchmark results for storage performance on the Orange Pi 6, showing read/write speeds and access times.

Fio Benchmarking

This test measures true sequential read throughput from the NVMe device, bypassing Linux caching. It tells you the real maximum read speed your SBC’s PCIe link and NVMe controller can sustain.

#Test No. 1: Sequential Read (500M benchmark file)

fio --name=seqread --filename=/mnt/nvme/testfile --size=500M --bs=1M --rw=read --direct=1 --ioengine=io_uring --iodepth=16 --numjobs=1 --time_based --runtime=30 --fallocate=none --status-interval=1

#Test No. 1: Results

seqread: (g=0): rw=read, bs=(R) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (W) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (T) 1024KiB-1024KiB, ioengine=io_urin                                                                  g, iodepth=16
fio-3.36
Starting 1 process
seqread: Laying out IO file (1 file / 500MiB)

seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:10 2026
  read: IOPS=2771, BW=2717MiB/s (2849MB/s)(856MiB/315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=401, avg=59.25, stdev=54.30
    clat (usec): min=1399, max=18278, avg=5779.85, stdev=2587.71
     lat (usec): min=1496, max=18348, avg=5839.23, stdev=2573.73
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2147], 10.00th=[ 2573], 20.00th=[ 3687],
     | 30.00th=[ 4490], 40.00th=[ 4948], 50.00th=[ 5276], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6587], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 9372], 95.00th=[10814],
     | 99.00th=[13304], 99.50th=[14615], 99.90th=[18220], 99.95th=[18220],
     | 99.99th=[18220]
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.67%, 4=20.16%, 10=66.67%, 20=7.67%
  cpu          : usr=0.63%, sys=16.19%, ctx=727, majf=0, minf=525
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.2%, 4=0.5%, 8=0.9%, 16=98.3%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=873,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2717MiB/s (2849MB/s), 2717MiB/s-2717MiB/s (2849MB/s-2849MB/s), io=856MiB (898MB), run=315-315ms                                                                  ec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=6859/0, sectors=1755904/0, merge=0/0, ticks=36127/0, in_queue=36127, util=67.15%
Jobs: 1 (f=1)
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:11 2026
  read: IOPS=2730, BW=2716MiB/s (2848MB/s)(3572MiB/1315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=411, avg=55.43, stdev=52.17
    clat (usec): min=1274, max=18278, avg=5807.89, stdev=2476.98
     lat (usec): min=1345, max=18348, avg=5863.31, stdev=2463.86
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2147], 10.00th=[ 2671], 20.00th=[ 3785],
     | 30.00th=[ 4686], 40.00th=[ 4948], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 6063],
     | 70.00th=[ 6849], 80.00th=[ 7701], 90.00th=[ 8979], 95.00th=[10421],
     | 99.00th=[12911], 99.50th=[13960], 99.90th=[16319], 99.95th=[17695],
     | 99.99th=[18220]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2698, max= 2714, per=99.62%, avg=2706.00, stdev=11.31, samples=2
   iops        : min= 2698, max= 2714, avg=2706.00, stdev=11.31, samples=2
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.82%, 4=18.22%, 10=71.31%, 20=6.21%
  cpu          : usr=0.84%, sys=15.21%, ctx=3201, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.2%, 16=99.6%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=3590,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2716MiB/s (2848MB/s), 2716MiB/s-2716MiB/s (2848MB/s-2848MB/s), io=3572MiB (3746MB), run=1315-13                                                                  15msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=28593/0, sectors=7319808/0, merge=0/0, ticks=152167/0, in_queue=152168, util=85.88%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][10.0%][r=2749MiB/s][r=2749 IOPS][eta 00m:27s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:12 2026
  read: IOPS=2730, BW=2724MiB/s (2856MB/s)(6305MiB/2315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=423, avg=54.38, stdev=51.69
    clat (usec): min=1274, max=18278, avg=5809.23, stdev=2437.97
     lat (usec): min=1345, max=18348, avg=5863.63, stdev=2426.08
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1631],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2737], 20.00th=[ 3851],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6783], 80.00th=[ 7701], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[13042], 99.50th=[14091], 99.90th=[15664], 99.95th=[16319],
     | 99.99th=[18220]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2698, max= 2764, per=100.00%, avg=2727.63, stdev=28.48, samples=4
   iops        : min= 2698, max= 2764, avg=2727.50, stdev=28.44, samples=4
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.65%, 4=17.56%, 10=72.78%, 20=5.76%
  cpu          : usr=0.78%, sys=15.08%, ctx=5692, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=99.8%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=6322,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2724MiB/s (2856MB/s), 2724MiB/s-2724MiB/s (2856MB/s-2856MB/s), io=6305MiB (6611MB), run=2315-23                                                                  15msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=50446/0, sectors=12914176/0, merge=0/0, ticks=268784/0, in_queue=268784, util=87.16%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][13.3%][r=2725MiB/s][r=2725 IOPS][eta 00m:26s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:13 2026
  read: IOPS=2734, BW=2729MiB/s (2862MB/s)(9045MiB/3314msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=54.28, stdev=52.94
    clat (usec): min=1252, max=18278, avg=5800.20, stdev=2431.29
     lat (usec): min=1328, max=18348, avg=5854.47, stdev=2419.25
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2147], 10.00th=[ 2704], 20.00th=[ 3851],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6783], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10421],
     | 99.00th=[13042], 99.50th=[13960], 99.90th=[15533], 99.95th=[15926],
     | 99.99th=[18220]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2698, max= 2764, per=99.91%, avg=2726.76, stdev=24.58, samples=6
   iops        : min= 2698, max= 2764, avg=2726.67, stdev=24.55, samples=6
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.74%, 4=17.58%, 10=72.58%, 20=5.93%
  cpu          : usr=0.54%, sys=15.24%, ctx=8167, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=99.8%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=9062,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2729MiB/s (2862MB/s), 2729MiB/s-2729MiB/s (2862MB/s-2862MB/s), io=9045MiB (9484MB), run=3314-33                                                                  14msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=72368/0, sectors=18526208/0, merge=0/0, ticks=384996/0, in_queue=384997, util=88.86%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][16.7%][r=2738MiB/s][r=2738 IOPS][eta 00m:25s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:14 2026
  read: IOPS=2728, BW=2724MiB/s (2857MB/s)(11.5GiB/4315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=54.32, stdev=52.15
    clat (usec): min=1252, max=18278, avg=5812.07, stdev=2430.21
     lat (usec): min=1328, max=18348, avg=5866.42, stdev=2418.55
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2147], 10.00th=[ 2737], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10421],
     | 99.00th=[13042], 99.50th=[13960], 99.90th=[15664], 99.95th=[16450],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2698, max= 2764, per=100.00%, avg=2729.57, stdev=21.42, samples=8
   iops        : min= 2698, max= 2764, avg=2729.50, stdev=21.40, samples=8
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.74%, 4=17.39%, 10=72.73%, 20=6.01%
  cpu          : usr=0.60%, sys=15.18%, ctx=10638, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=99.9%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=11773,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2724MiB/s (2857MB/s), 2724MiB/s-2724MiB/s (2857MB/s-2857MB/s), io=11.5GiB (12.3GB), run=4315-43                                                                  15msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=94057/0, sectors=24078592/0, merge=0/0, ticks=501023/0, in_queue=501024, util=89.23%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][20.0%][r=2712MiB/s][r=2712 IOPS][eta 00m:24s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:15 2026
  read: IOPS=2727, BW=2724MiB/s (2857MB/s)(14.1GiB/5315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=54.42, stdev=51.70
    clat (usec): min=1252, max=18278, avg=5810.04, stdev=2423.71
     lat (usec): min=1328, max=18348, avg=5864.45, stdev=2412.00
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2147], 10.00th=[ 2737], 20.00th=[ 3851],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6783], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[12911], 99.50th=[13960], 99.90th=[15664], 99.95th=[16319],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2698, max= 2764, per=100.00%, avg=2726.05, stdev=21.06, samples=10
   iops        : min= 2698, max= 2764, avg=2726.00, stdev=21.04, samples=10
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.74%, 4=17.49%, 10=72.77%, 20=5.89%
  cpu          : usr=0.90%, sys=14.96%, ctx=13082, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=99.9%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=14497,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2724MiB/s (2857MB/s), 2724MiB/s-2724MiB/s (2857MB/s-2857MB/s), io=14.1GiB (15.2GB), run=5315-53                                                                  15msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=115850/5, sectors=29657600/72, merge=0/4, ticks=616713/2, in_queue=616715, util=89.78%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][23.3%][r=2697MiB/s][r=2697 IOPS][eta 00m:23s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:16 2026
  read: IOPS=2720, BW=2718MiB/s (2850MB/s)(16.8GiB/6315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=54.44, stdev=51.66
    clat (usec): min=1252, max=18278, avg=5826.26, stdev=2433.55
     lat (usec): min=1328, max=18348, avg=5880.71, stdev=2421.87
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2147], 10.00th=[ 2737], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5407], 60.00th=[ 6063],
     | 70.00th=[ 6783], 80.00th=[ 7701], 90.00th=[ 8979], 95.00th=[10421],
     | 99.00th=[13042], 99.50th=[13960], 99.90th=[15664], 99.95th=[16319],
     | 99.99th=[17957]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2690, max= 2764, per=100.00%, avg=2721.71, stdev=22.00, samples=12
   iops        : min= 2690, max= 2764, avg=2721.67, stdev=21.97, samples=12
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.71%, 4=17.42%, 10=72.85%, 20=5.93%
  cpu          : usr=0.93%, sys=14.85%, ctx=15525, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=99.9%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=17181,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2718MiB/s (2850MB/s), 2718MiB/s-2718MiB/s (2850MB/s-2850MB/s), io=16.8GiB (18.0GB), run=6315-63                                                                  15msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=137320/7, sectors=35153920/96, merge=0/5, ticks=733040/12, in_queue=733058, util=89.95%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][26.7%][r=2714MiB/s][r=2714 IOPS][eta 00m:22s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:17 2026
  read: IOPS=2722, BW=2720MiB/s (2853MB/s)(19.4GiB/7315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=54.17, stdev=51.31
    clat (usec): min=1252, max=18278, avg=5822.34, stdev=2417.35
     lat (usec): min=1328, max=18348, avg=5876.50, stdev=2405.81
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2737], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5407], 60.00th=[ 6063],
     | 70.00th=[ 6783], 80.00th=[ 7701], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[12911], 99.50th=[13829], 99.90th=[15664], 99.95th=[16057],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2688, max= 2764, per=100.00%, avg=2721.04, stdev=23.28, samples=14
   iops        : min= 2688, max= 2764, avg=2721.00, stdev=23.25, samples=14
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.67%, 4=17.45%, 10=73.02%, 20=5.78%
  cpu          : usr=0.83%, sys=14.87%, ctx=18024, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=99.9%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=19917,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2720MiB/s (2853MB/s), 2720MiB/s-2720MiB/s (2853MB/s-2853MB/s), io=19.4GiB (20.9GB), run=7315-73                                                                  15msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=159213/7, sectors=40758528/96, merge=0/5, ticks=849652/12, in_queue=849670, util=90.08%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][30.0%][r=2717MiB/s][r=2717 IOPS][eta 00m:21s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:18 2026
  read: IOPS=2720, BW=2718MiB/s (2850MB/s)(22.1GiB/8314msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=54.09, stdev=51.27
    clat (usec): min=1252, max=18278, avg=5827.64, stdev=2414.09
     lat (usec): min=1328, max=18348, avg=5881.74, stdev=2402.47
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5407], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6783], 80.00th=[ 7701], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[12911], 99.50th=[13829], 99.90th=[15664], 99.95th=[16188],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2688, max= 2764, per=100.00%, avg=2720.53, stdev=22.80, samples=16
   iops        : min= 2688, max= 2764, avg=2720.50, stdev=22.77, samples=16
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.59%, 4=17.32%, 10=73.25%, 20=5.77%
  cpu          : usr=0.83%, sys=14.83%, ctx=20441, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=99.9%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=22616,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2718MiB/s (2850MB/s), 2718MiB/s-2718MiB/s (2850MB/s-2850MB/s), io=22.1GiB (23.7GB), run=8314-83                                                                  14msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=180808/7, sectors=46286848/96, merge=0/5, ticks=966010/12, in_queue=966028, util=89.94%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][33.3%][r=2758MiB/s][r=2758 IOPS][eta 00m:20s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:19 2026
  read: IOPS=2724, BW=2723MiB/s (2855MB/s)(24.8GiB/9314msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=54.15, stdev=51.23
    clat (usec): min=1211, max=18278, avg=5817.59, stdev=2416.92
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18348, avg=5871.76, stdev=2405.43
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6783], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[13042], 99.50th=[14091], 99.90th=[15795], 99.95th=[16450],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2688, max= 2782, per=100.00%, avg=2724.73, stdev=25.96, samples=18
   iops        : min= 2688, max= 2782, avg=2724.67, stdev=25.93, samples=18
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.60%, 4=17.31%, 10=73.26%, 20=5.77%
  cpu          : usr=0.79%, sys=14.90%, ctx=22907, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=99.9%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=25378,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2723MiB/s (2855MB/s), 2723MiB/s-2723MiB/s (2855MB/s-2855MB/s), io=24.8GiB (26.6GB), run=9314-93                                                                  14msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=202907/7, sectors=51944192/96, merge=0/5, ticks=1081849/12, in_queue=1081867, util=89.82%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][36.7%][r=2722MiB/s][r=2722 IOPS][eta 00m:19s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:20 2026
  read: IOPS=2724, BW=2723MiB/s (2855MB/s)(27.4GiB/10314msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=54.34, stdev=51.46
    clat (usec): min=1211, max=18278, avg=5818.28, stdev=2423.19
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18348, avg=5872.62, stdev=2411.58
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6783], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[13173], 99.50th=[14091], 99.90th=[15926], 99.95th=[16450],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2688, max= 2782, per=100.00%, avg=2724.75, stdev=24.91, samples=20
   iops        : min= 2688, max= 2782, avg=2724.70, stdev=24.89, samples=20
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.61%, 4=17.37%, 10=73.22%, 20=5.74%
  cpu          : usr=0.74%, sys=15.01%, ctx=25337, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=99.9%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=28099,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2723MiB/s (2855MB/s), 2723MiB/s-2723MiB/s (2855MB/s-2855MB/s), io=27.4GiB (29.4GB), run=10314-1                                                                  0314msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=224654/7, sectors=57511424/96, merge=0/5, ticks=1197992/12, in_queue=1198010, util=90.12%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][40.0%][r=2741MiB/s][r=2741 IOPS][eta 00m:18s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:21 2026
  read: IOPS=2726, BW=2725MiB/s (2857MB/s)(30.1GiB/11315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=53.96, stdev=50.99
    clat (usec): min=1211, max=18278, avg=5814.30, stdev=2414.66
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18348, avg=5868.27, stdev=2403.16
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[13173], 99.50th=[14091], 99.90th=[15926], 99.95th=[16450],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2688, max= 2782, per=100.00%, avg=2726.23, stdev=24.19, samples=22
   iops        : min= 2688, max= 2782, avg=2726.18, stdev=24.17, samples=22
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.61%, 4=17.31%, 10=73.33%, 20=5.70%
  cpu          : usr=0.72%, sys=14.94%, ctx=27857, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=30846,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2725MiB/s (2857MB/s), 2725MiB/s-2725MiB/s (2857MB/s-2857MB/s), io=30.1GiB (32.3GB), run=11315-1                                                                  1315msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=246641/8, sectors=63140096/104, merge=0/5, ticks=1314694/13, in_queue=1314713, util=90.33%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][43.3%][r=2725MiB/s][r=2725 IOPS][eta 00m:17s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:22 2026
  read: IOPS=2726, BW=2725MiB/s (2858MB/s)(32.8GiB/12315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=53.94, stdev=50.91
    clat (usec): min=1211, max=18278, avg=5812.68, stdev=2407.65
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18348, avg=5866.60, stdev=2396.08
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3916],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[13042], 99.50th=[14091], 99.90th=[15926], 99.95th=[16450],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2688, max= 2782, per=100.00%, avg=2726.38, stdev=23.19, samples=24
   iops        : min= 2688, max= 2782, avg=2726.33, stdev=23.17, samples=24
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.59%, 4=17.30%, 10=73.41%, 20=5.65%
  cpu          : usr=0.80%, sys=14.88%, ctx=30317, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=33581,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2725MiB/s (2858MB/s), 2725MiB/s-2725MiB/s (2858MB/s-2858MB/s), io=32.8GiB (35.2GB), run=12315-1                                                                  2315msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=268514/8, sectors=68739584/104, merge=0/5, ticks=1430598/13, in_queue=1430616, util=90.34%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][46.7%][r=2729MiB/s][r=2729 IOPS][eta 00m:16s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:23 2026
  read: IOPS=2725, BW=2724MiB/s (2857MB/s)(35.4GiB/13314msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=54.14, stdev=51.06
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18278, avg=5815.52, stdev=2414.41
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18348, avg=5869.67, stdev=2402.67
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[13173], 99.50th=[14091], 99.90th=[15795], 99.95th=[16450],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2688, max= 2782, per=100.00%, avg=2726.81, stdev=22.75, samples=26
   iops        : min= 2688, max= 2782, avg=2726.77, stdev=22.73, samples=26
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.56%, 4=17.40%, 10=73.25%, 20=5.76%
  cpu          : usr=0.75%, sys=14.97%, ctx=32762, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=36290,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2724MiB/s (2857MB/s), 2724MiB/s-2724MiB/s (2857MB/s-2857MB/s), io=35.4GiB (38.0GB), run=13314-1                                                                  3314msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=290189/8, sectors=74288384/104, merge=0/5, ticks=1546969/13, in_queue=1546988, util=90.57%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][50.0%][r=2717MiB/s][r=2717 IOPS][eta 00m:15s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:24 2026
  read: IOPS=2725, BW=2724MiB/s (2856MB/s)(38.1GiB/14315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=54.05, stdev=51.01
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18435, avg=5816.05, stdev=2421.02
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18454, avg=5870.11, stdev=2409.37
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[13173], 99.50th=[14091], 99.90th=[15926], 99.95th=[16581],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2688, max= 2782, per=100.00%, avg=2726.11, stdev=22.04, samples=28
   iops        : min= 2688, max= 2782, avg=2726.07, stdev=22.03, samples=28
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.56%, 4=17.45%, 10=73.19%, 20=5.77%
  cpu          : usr=0.75%, sys=14.95%, ctx=35272, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=39011,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2724MiB/s (2856MB/s), 2724MiB/s-2724MiB/s (2856MB/s-2856MB/s), io=38.1GiB (40.9GB), run=14315-1                                                                  4315msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=311963/8, sectors=79862528/104, merge=0/5, ticks=1663316/13, in_queue=1663334, util=90.67%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][53.3%][r=2721MiB/s][r=2721 IOPS][eta 00m:14s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:25 2026
  read: IOPS=2723, BW=2723MiB/s (2855MB/s)(40.7GiB/15315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=53.93, stdev=50.81
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18435, avg=5819.04, stdev=2425.23
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18454, avg=5872.98, stdev=2413.56
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[13173], 99.50th=[14091], 99.90th=[16057], 99.95th=[16581],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2688, max= 2782, per=100.00%, avg=2725.79, stdev=21.35, samples=30
   iops        : min= 2688, max= 2782, avg=2725.73, stdev=21.33, samples=30
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.57%, 4=17.45%, 10=73.11%, 20=5.83%
  cpu          : usr=0.84%, sys=14.82%, ctx=37726, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=41717,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2723MiB/s (2855MB/s), 2723MiB/s-2723MiB/s (2855MB/s-2855MB/s), io=40.7GiB (43.7GB), run=15315-1                                                                  5315msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=333603/8, sectors=85402368/104, merge=0/5, ticks=1779331/13, in_queue=1779350, util=90.46%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][56.7%][r=2719MiB/s][r=2719 IOPS][eta 00m:13s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:26 2026
  read: IOPS=2725, BW=2724MiB/s (2857MB/s)(43.4GiB/16315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=53.96, stdev=50.76
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18435, avg=5815.16, stdev=2428.61
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18454, avg=5869.13, stdev=2417.01
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3851],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[13173], 99.50th=[14091], 99.90th=[16057], 99.95th=[16581],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2688, max= 2782, per=100.00%, avg=2725.36, stdev=20.90, samples=32
   iops        : min= 2688, max= 2782, avg=2725.31, stdev=20.89, samples=32
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.58%, 4=17.65%, 10=72.90%, 20=5.84%
  cpu          : usr=0.79%, sys=14.89%, ctx=40193, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=44467,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2724MiB/s (2857MB/s), 2724MiB/s-2724MiB/s (2857MB/s-2857MB/s), io=43.4GiB (46.6GB), run=16315-1                                                                  6315msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=355607/8, sectors=91035392/104, merge=0/5, ticks=1895020/13, in_queue=1895038, util=90.39%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][60.0%][r=2754MiB/s][r=2754 IOPS][eta 00m:12s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:27 2026
  read: IOPS=2724, BW=2724MiB/s (2856MB/s)(46.1GiB/17315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=54.04, stdev=50.90
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18435, avg=5816.50, stdev=2429.82
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18454, avg=5870.55, stdev=2418.19
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[13173], 99.50th=[14091], 99.90th=[16057], 99.95th=[16581],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2688, max= 2782, per=100.00%, avg=2727.05, stdev=21.41, samples=34
   iops        : min= 2688, max= 2782, avg=2727.00, stdev=21.40, samples=34
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.58%, 4=17.61%, 10=72.89%, 20=5.88%
  cpu          : usr=0.83%, sys=14.85%, ctx=42629, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=47178,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2724MiB/s (2856MB/s), 2724MiB/s-2724MiB/s (2856MB/s-2856MB/s), io=46.1GiB (49.5GB), run=17315-1                                                                  7315msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=377314/8, sectors=96592384/104, merge=0/5, ticks=2011096/13, in_queue=2011114, util=90.47%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][63.3%][r=2703MiB/s][r=2703 IOPS][eta 00m:11s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:28 2026
  read: IOPS=2724, BW=2724MiB/s (2856MB/s)(48.7GiB/18315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=54.17, stdev=50.82
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18887, avg=5816.74, stdev=2436.93
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18928, avg=5870.90, stdev=2425.36
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2737], 20.00th=[ 3851],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8979], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[13173], 99.50th=[14222], 99.90th=[16188], 99.95th=[16909],
     | 99.99th=[17957]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2678, max= 2782, per=100.00%, avg=2725.73, stdev=22.30, samples=36
   iops        : min= 2678, max= 2782, avg=2725.67, stdev=22.32, samples=36
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.59%, 4=17.70%, 10=72.77%, 20=5.90%
  cpu          : usr=0.88%, sys=14.85%, ctx=45057, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=49904,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2724MiB/s (2856MB/s), 2724MiB/s-2724MiB/s (2856MB/s-2856MB/s), io=48.7GiB (52.3GB), run=18315-1                                                                  8315msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=399108/8, sectors=102171648/104, merge=0/5, ticks=2126671/13, in_queue=2126689, util=90.52%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][66.7%][r=2717MiB/s][r=2717 IOPS][eta 00m:10s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:29 2026
  read: IOPS=2723, BW=2723MiB/s (2855MB/s)(51.4GiB/19315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=54.16, stdev=50.76
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18887, avg=5818.47, stdev=2434.64
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18928, avg=5872.62, stdev=2423.06
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2737], 20.00th=[ 3851],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8979], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[13173], 99.50th=[14222], 99.90th=[16057], 99.95th=[16581],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2678, max= 2782, per=100.00%, avg=2725.27, stdev=21.99, samples=38
   iops        : min= 2678, max= 2782, avg=2725.21, stdev=22.01, samples=38
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.60%, 4=17.64%, 10=72.84%, 20=5.90%
  cpu          : usr=0.90%, sys=14.82%, ctx=47526, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=52614,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2723MiB/s (2855MB/s), 2723MiB/s-2723MiB/s (2855MB/s-2855MB/s), io=51.4GiB (55.2GB), run=19315-1                                                                  9315msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=420782/8, sectors=107720192/104, merge=0/5, ticks=2243051/13, in_queue=2243069, util=90.60%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][70.0%][r=2738MiB/s][r=2738 IOPS][eta 00m:09s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:30 2026
  read: IOPS=2724, BW=2724MiB/s (2856MB/s)(54.0GiB/20315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=54.02, stdev=50.61
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18887, avg=5817.31, stdev=2435.96
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18928, avg=5871.33, stdev=2424.46
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8979], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[13304], 99.50th=[14222], 99.90th=[16319], 99.95th=[16909],
     | 99.99th=[17957]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2678, max= 2782, per=100.00%, avg=2725.91, stdev=21.83, samples=40
   iops        : min= 2678, max= 2782, avg=2725.85, stdev=21.85, samples=40
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.57%, 4=17.58%, 10=72.92%, 20=5.90%
  cpu          : usr=0.89%, sys=14.79%, ctx=50023, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=55345,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2724MiB/s (2856MB/s), 2724MiB/s-2724MiB/s (2856MB/s-2856MB/s), io=54.0GiB (58.0GB), run=20315-2                                                                  0315msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=442639/8, sectors=113315584/104, merge=0/5, ticks=2359180/13, in_queue=2359199, util=90.73%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][73.3%][r=2697MiB/s][r=2697 IOPS][eta 00m:08s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:31 2026
  read: IOPS=2723, BW=2722MiB/s (2855MB/s)(56.7GiB/21315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=53.92, stdev=50.63
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18887, avg=5820.53, stdev=2438.43
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18928, avg=5874.45, stdev=2426.92
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8979], 95.00th=[10421],
     | 99.00th=[13304], 99.50th=[14222], 99.90th=[16319], 99.95th=[16909],
     | 99.99th=[17957]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2670, max= 2782, per=100.00%, avg=2724.53, stdev=22.97, samples=42
   iops        : min= 2670, max= 2782, avg=2724.48, stdev=22.99, samples=42
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.54%, 4=17.52%, 10=72.97%, 20=5.94%
  cpu          : usr=0.89%, sys=14.75%, ctx=52466, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=58045,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2722MiB/s (2855MB/s), 2722MiB/s-2722MiB/s (2855MB/s-2855MB/s), io=56.7GiB (60.8GB), run=21315-2                                                                  1315msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=464219/8, sectors=118840064/104, merge=0/5, ticks=2475624/13, in_queue=2475642, util=90.81%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][79.3%][r=2744MiB/s][r=2744 IOPS][eta 00m:06s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:32 2026
  read: IOPS=2723, BW=2723MiB/s (2855MB/s)(59.3GiB/22314msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=53.91, stdev=50.64
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18887, avg=5819.10, stdev=2439.83
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18928, avg=5873.02, stdev=2428.30
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8979], 95.00th=[10421],
     | 99.00th=[13304], 99.50th=[14222], 99.90th=[16319], 99.95th=[16909],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2670, max= 2784, per=100.00%, avg=2725.55, stdev=24.27, samples=44
   iops        : min= 2670, max= 2784, avg=2725.50, stdev=24.29, samples=44
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.52%, 4=17.60%, 10=72.91%, 20=5.94%
  cpu          : usr=0.90%, sys=14.74%, ctx=54925, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=60779,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2723MiB/s (2855MB/s), 2723MiB/s-2723MiB/s (2855MB/s-2855MB/s), io=59.3GiB (63.7GB), run=22314-2                                                                  2314msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=486108/8, sectors=124443648/104, merge=0/5, ticks=2591559/13, in_queue=2591578, util=90.93%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][80.0%][r=2691MiB/s][r=2691 IOPS][eta 00m:06s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:33 2026
  read: IOPS=2722, BW=2722MiB/s (2854MB/s)(62.0GiB/23315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=53.92, stdev=50.68
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18887, avg=5821.31, stdev=2439.41
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18928, avg=5875.23, stdev=2427.84
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8979], 95.00th=[10421],
     | 99.00th=[13304], 99.50th=[14222], 99.90th=[16319], 99.95th=[16909],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2664, max= 2784, per=100.00%, avg=2724.05, stdev=25.42, samples=46
   iops        : min= 2664, max= 2784, avg=2724.00, stdev=25.43, samples=46
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.51%, 4=17.52%, 10=72.99%, 20=5.95%
  cpu          : usr=0.88%, sys=14.76%, ctx=57392, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=63479,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2722MiB/s (2854MB/s), 2722MiB/s-2722MiB/s (2854MB/s-2854MB/s), io=62.0GiB (66.5GB), run=23315-2                                                                  3315msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=507698/8, sectors=129970688/104, merge=0/5, ticks=2707813/13, in_queue=2707831, util=91.06%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][83.3%][r=2706MiB/s][r=2706 IOPS][eta 00m:05s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:34 2026
  read: IOPS=2721, BW=2721MiB/s (2853MB/s)(64.6GiB/24315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=53.84, stdev=50.64
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18887, avg=5824.25, stdev=2440.63
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18928, avg=5878.09, stdev=2429.06
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8979], 95.00th=[10421],
     | 99.00th=[13304], 99.50th=[14222], 99.90th=[16319], 99.95th=[16909],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2664, max= 2784, per=100.00%, avg=2723.30, stdev=25.22, samples=48
   iops        : min= 2664, max= 2784, avg=2723.25, stdev=25.24, samples=48
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.50%, 4=17.52%, 10=72.97%, 20=5.99%
  cpu          : usr=0.87%, sys=14.75%, ctx=59827, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=66168,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2721MiB/s (2853MB/s), 2721MiB/s-2721MiB/s (2853MB/s-2853MB/s), io=64.6GiB (69.4GB), run=24315-2                                                                  4315msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=529209/8, sectors=135477504/104, merge=0/5, ticks=2824237/13, in_queue=2824255, util=91.11%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][86.7%][r=2727MiB/s][r=2727 IOPS][eta 00m:04s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:35 2026
  read: IOPS=2722, BW=2722MiB/s (2854MB/s)(67.3GiB/25314msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=53.82, stdev=50.61
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18887, avg=5821.74, stdev=2434.85
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18928, avg=5875.56, stdev=2423.26
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3884],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8979], 95.00th=[10421],
     | 99.00th=[13304], 99.50th=[14222], 99.90th=[16319], 99.95th=[16712],
     | 99.99th=[17695]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2664, max= 2784, per=100.00%, avg=2723.57, stdev=25.29, samples=50
   iops        : min= 2664, max= 2784, avg=2723.52, stdev=25.30, samples=50
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.50%, 4=17.49%, 10=73.03%, 20=5.95%
  cpu          : usr=0.94%, sys=14.67%, ctx=62320, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=68920,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2722MiB/s (2854MB/s), 2722MiB/s-2722MiB/s (2854MB/s-2854MB/s), io=67.3GiB (72.2GB), run=25314-2                                                                  5314msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=551231/8, sectors=141115136/104, merge=0/5, ticks=2940395/13, in_queue=2940414, util=91.19%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][90.0%][r=2716MiB/s][r=2716 IOPS][eta 00m:03s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:36 2026
  read: IOPS=2721, BW=2721MiB/s (2853MB/s)(69.9GiB/26315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=53.66, stdev=50.42
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18887, avg=5823.60, stdev=2432.32
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18928, avg=5877.27, stdev=2420.79
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3916],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8979], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[13304], 99.50th=[14222], 99.90th=[16319], 99.95th=[16909],
     | 99.99th=[17957]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2664, max= 2784, per=100.00%, avg=2723.28, stdev=25.09, samples=52
   iops        : min= 2664, max= 2784, avg=2723.23, stdev=25.10, samples=52
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.49%, 4=17.41%, 10=73.17%, 20=5.92%
  cpu          : usr=0.91%, sys=14.65%, ctx=64819, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=71623,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2721MiB/s (2853MB/s), 2721MiB/s-2721MiB/s (2853MB/s-2853MB/s), io=69.9GiB (75.1GB), run=26315-2                                                                  6315msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=572859/8, sectors=146651904/104, merge=0/5, ticks=3057169/13, in_queue=3057187, util=91.29%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][93.3%][r=2723MiB/s][r=2723 IOPS][eta 00m:02s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:37 2026
  read: IOPS=2721, BW=2721MiB/s (2853MB/s)(72.6GiB/27315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=53.58, stdev=50.37
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18887, avg=5824.15, stdev=2429.21
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18928, avg=5877.73, stdev=2417.69
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3916],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[13304], 99.50th=[14222], 99.90th=[16319], 99.95th=[16909],
     | 99.99th=[17957]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2664, max= 2784, per=100.00%, avg=2723.27, stdev=24.62, samples=54
   iops        : min= 2664, max= 2784, avg=2723.22, stdev=24.63, samples=54
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.48%, 4=17.34%, 10=73.25%, 20=5.91%
  cpu          : usr=0.91%, sys=14.63%, ctx=67314, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=74337,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2721MiB/s (2853MB/s), 2721MiB/s-2721MiB/s (2853MB/s-2853MB/s), io=72.6GiB (77.9GB), run=27315-2                                                                  7315msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=594574/8, sectors=152211200/104, merge=0/5, ticks=3173572/13, in_queue=3173591, util=91.31%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][96.7%][r=2715MiB/s][r=2715 IOPS][eta 00m:01s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:38 2026
  read: IOPS=2721, BW=2721MiB/s (2853MB/s)(75.2GiB/28314msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=53.63, stdev=50.40
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18887, avg=5823.54, stdev=2430.19
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18928, avg=5877.18, stdev=2418.64
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3916],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8848], 95.00th=[10290],
     | 99.00th=[13304], 99.50th=[14222], 99.90th=[16319], 99.95th=[16909],
     | 99.99th=[17957]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2664, max= 2784, per=100.00%, avg=2723.09, stdev=24.69, samples=56
   iops        : min= 2664, max= 2784, avg=2723.04, stdev=24.70, samples=56
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.50%, 4=17.37%, 10=73.20%, 20=5.91%
  cpu          : usr=0.91%, sys=14.65%, ctx=69777, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=77063,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2721MiB/s (2853MB/s), 2721MiB/s-2721MiB/s (2853MB/s-2853MB/s), io=75.2GiB (80.8GB), run=28314-2                                                                  8314msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=616372/8, sectors=157791232/104, merge=0/5, ticks=3289712/13, in_queue=3289731, util=91.32%
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [R(1)][100.0%][r=2707MiB/s][r=2707 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:39 2026
  read: IOPS=2719, BW=2719MiB/s (2851MB/s)(77.8GiB/29315msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=53.71, stdev=50.49
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18887, avg=5827.76, stdev=2436.94
     lat (usec): min=1275, max=18928, avg=5881.47, stdev=2425.36
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3916],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8979], 95.00th=[10421],
     | 99.00th=[13304], 99.50th=[14222], 99.90th=[16319], 99.95th=[16909],
     | 99.99th=[18220]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2664, max= 2784, per=100.00%, avg=2722.53, stdev=24.49, samples=58
   iops        : min= 2664, max= 2784, avg=2722.48, stdev=24.50, samples=58
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.48%, 4=17.39%, 10=73.14%, 20=5.97%
  cpu          : usr=0.90%, sys=14.66%, ctx=72210, majf=0, minf=526
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=79727,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2719MiB/s (2851MB/s), 2719MiB/s-2719MiB/s (2851MB/s-2851MB/s), io=77.8GiB (83.6GB), run=29315-2                                                                  9315msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=637705/8, sectors=163252480/104, merge=0/5, ticks=3406433/13, in_queue=3406452, util=91.40%

seqread: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=5739: Fri Aug  7 06:18:39 2026
  read: IOPS=2719, BW=2719MiB/s (2851MB/s)(79.7GiB/30006msec)
    slat (usec): min=10, max=1305, avg=53.59, stdev=50.39
    clat (usec): min=1162, max=18887, avg=5828.30, stdev=2434.40
     lat (usec): min=1274, max=18928, avg=5881.89, stdev=2422.87
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1647],  5.00th=[ 2180], 10.00th=[ 2769], 20.00th=[ 3916],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 5014], 50.00th=[ 5342], 60.00th=[ 5997],
     | 70.00th=[ 6718], 80.00th=[ 7635], 90.00th=[ 8979], 95.00th=[10421],
     | 99.00th=[13304], 99.50th=[14222], 99.90th=[16319], 99.95th=[16909],
     | 99.99th=[18220]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2664, max= 2784, per=100.00%, avg=2722.35, stdev=24.32, samples=59
   iops        : min= 2664, max= 2784, avg=2722.31, stdev=24.32, samples=59
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.48%, 4=17.35%, 10=73.22%, 20=5.95%
  cpu          : usr=0.88%, sys=14.65%, ctx=73927, majf=0, minf=527
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.1%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=81590,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2719MiB/s (2851MB/s), 2719MiB/s-2719MiB/s (2851MB/s-2851MB/s), io=79.7GiB (85.6GB), run=30006-3                                                                  0006msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=648583/8, sectors=166037248/104, merge=0/5, ticks=3464319/13, in_queue=3464337, util=91.24%

Key Benchmark Metrics

Metric	Measured Value	Notes
Sequential Read Throughput	~2,724 MiB/s (~2,856 MB/s)	Exceptionally stable across the 18+ second capture period
IOPS	~2,724 IOPS	Expected for large 1MB block transfers ($2724 \text{ MiB/s} \approx 2724 \text{ IOPS} \times 1\text{ MiB}$)
Average Latency (`clat`)	~5.81 ms (5,816 $\mu$s)	Typical completion latency for 1MB transfers at QD16
p90 / p99 Latency	~8.85 ms / ~13.17 ms	Tight distribution with very few high-tail outliers
Disk Utilization (`util`)	~90.5%	Drive is running near maximum interface/controller capability
CPU Overhead	~15.7% total (14.9% sys, 0.8% usr)	Extremely efficient IO via `io_uring` kernel submission

Analysis & Key Takeaways

PCIe Bus Bottleneck: The throughput peaking precisely around 2,850 MB/s strongly indicates a PCIe 3.0 x4 interface boundary (or a PCIe 4.0 x2 lane configuration). The controller is fully saturated and delivering maximum achievable real-world payload bandwidth for this link speed.
Workload Optimization: Using 1024KiB blocks at Queue Depth 16 allows io_uring to keep the NVMe controller pipeline completely filled while keeping host CPU utilization minimal (~15%).
Latency Profile: 73.2% of all completed I/O requests landed between the 4ms to 10ms window, which is extremely consistent for 1MB block sizes without severe tail-latency spikes (p99.99 caps at ~17.7ms).

#Test No. 2: Sequential Write (4G benchmark file)

fio --name=seq_write --filename=/mnt/nvme/testfile --size=4G --bs=1M --rw=write --direct=1 --ioengine=io_uring --iodepth=16 --end_fsync=1 --runtime=30 --time_based

#Test No. 2: Results

Starting 1 process
seq_write: Laying out IO file (1 file / 4096MiB)
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [W(1)][100.0%][w=2238MiB/s][w=2238 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
seq_write: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3977: Fri Aug  7 06:38:23 2026
  write: IOPS=2230, BW=2230MiB/s (2339MB/s)(65.4GiB/30010msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=18, max=5074, avg=93.92, stdev=74.48
    clat (usec): min=1549, max=34363, avg=7075.62, stdev=961.98
     lat (usec): min=1871, max=34537, avg=7169.54, stdev=958.13
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 6456],  5.00th=[ 6652], 10.00th=[ 6718], 20.00th=[ 6783],
     | 30.00th=[ 6849], 40.00th=[ 6849], 50.00th=[ 6915], 60.00th=[ 6915],
     | 70.00th=[ 6980], 80.00th=[ 6980], 90.00th=[ 7832], 95.00th=[ 7963],
     | 99.00th=[13304], 99.50th=[13829], 99.90th=[14484], 99.95th=[14746],
     | 99.99th=[32375]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 2122, max= 2270, per=100.00%, avg=2233.36, stdev=20.79, samples=59
   iops        : min= 2122, max= 2270, avg=2233.32, stdev=20.78, samples=59
  lat (msec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.07%, 10=98.59%, 20=1.28%, 50=0.05%
  cpu          : usr=6.35%, sys=17.24%, ctx=66248, majf=0, minf=8
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.1%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=0,66932,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
  WRITE: bw=2230MiB/s (2339MB/s), 2230MiB/s-2230MiB/s (2339MB/s-2339MB/s), io=65.4GiB (70.2GB), run=30010-30010msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=0/533398, sectors=0/136545656, merge=0/91, ticks=0/3637979, in_queue=3638016, util=94.06%

Key Benchmark Metrics

Metric	Measured Value	Comparison to Read Test
Sequential Write Throughput	~2,230 MiB/s (~2,339 MB/s)	~18% lower than Read (~2,724 MiB/s)
IOPS	~2,230 IOPS	Down from ~2,724 IOPS
Average Latency (`clat`)	~7.08 ms (7,075 $\mu$s)	~21% higher than Read (~5.81 ms)
p90 / p99 Latency	~7.83 ms / ~13.30 ms	p90 is lower, p99 remains nearly identical (~13.17 ms)
Disk Utilization (`util`)	~94.1%	Slightly higher load than Read (90.5%)
CPU Overhead	~23.6% total (17.2% sys, 6.4% usr)	Higher host CPU overhead than Read (~15.7%)

Analysis & Key Takeaways

Sustained NAND Write Limits: Achieving ~2,339 MB/s continuous sequential write over 65.4 GiB written shows strong flash write performance. This speed is typical for direct TLC NAND execution or high-capacity SLC caching before thermal or cache exhaustion throttling hits.
Tight Bandwidth Deviation: Throughput stayed tightly bound between 2,122 MiB/s and 2,270 MiB/s with a standard deviation of only 20.79 MiB/s, indicating no active thermal throttling or controller stalling occurred during the 30-second window.
Latency Uniformity: 98.59% of all write completions fell cleanly into the 4ms–10ms window, demonstrating solid queue management under sustained high-throughput write saturation.

#Test No. 3: Sequential Write (4G benchmark file)

Mixed 70/30 Workload (Real-World Application Simulation)
Simulates a active OS or web server with 70% reads and 30% writes running simultaneously at 64KB block sizes.

fio --name=mixed_workload --filename=/mnt/nvme/fio_test --size=4G --bs=64k --rw=randrw --rwmixread=70 --direct=1 --ioengine=io_uring --iodepth=32 --runtime=60 --time_based

#Test No. 3: Results

Starting 1 process
mixed_workload: Laying out IO file (1 file / 4096MiB)
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [m(1)][100.0%][r=1002MiB/s,w=434MiB/s][r=16.0k,w=6944 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
mixed_workload: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=4030: Fri Aug  7 06:52:22 2026
  read: IOPS=15.6k, BW=974MiB/s (1021MB/s)(57.1GiB/60002msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1830, max=660413, avg=6900.22, stdev=6942.72
    clat (usec): min=241, max=13357, avg=2007.71, stdev=373.55
     lat (usec): min=245, max=13360, avg=2014.61, stdev=373.14
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1172],  5.00th=[ 1549], 10.00th=[ 1663], 20.00th=[ 1778],
     | 30.00th=[ 1860], 40.00th=[ 1926], 50.00th=[ 1991], 60.00th=[ 2057],
     | 70.00th=[ 2114], 80.00th=[ 2212], 90.00th=[ 2343], 95.00th=[ 2507],
     | 99.00th=[ 3130], 99.50th=[ 3359], 99.90th=[ 4948], 99.95th=[ 8160],
     | 99.99th=[ 9241]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=927488, max=1133568, per=100.00%, avg=998483.90, stdev=42593.89, samples=119
   iops        : min=14492, max=17712, avg=15601.31, stdev=665.53, samples=119
  write: IOPS=6684, BW=418MiB/s (438MB/s)(24.5GiB/60002msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=230, avg=10.84, stdev= 8.03
    clat (nsec): min=560, max=6837.0k, avg=75517.29, stdev=89230.62
     lat (usec): min=37, max=6856, avg=86.35, stdev=91.02
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   37],  5.00th=[   40], 10.00th=[   42], 20.00th=[   45],
     | 30.00th=[   49], 40.00th=[   53], 50.00th=[   59], 60.00th=[   65],
     | 70.00th=[   74], 80.00th=[   89], 90.00th=[  124], 95.00th=[  163],
     | 99.00th=[  269], 99.50th=[  351], 99.90th=[  922], 99.95th=[ 1450],
     | 99.99th=[ 4178]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=392448, max=490496, per=100.00%, avg=428300.91, stdev=20006.02, samples=119
   iops        : min= 6132, max= 7664, avg=6692.20, stdev=312.59, samples=119
  lat (nsec)   : 750=0.01%, 1000=0.01%
  lat (usec)   : 10=0.01%, 20=0.01%, 50=9.92%, 100=15.46%, 250=4.26%
  lat (usec)   : 500=0.30%, 750=0.12%, 1000=0.28%
  lat (msec)   : 2=36.20%, 4=33.37%, 10=0.10%, 20=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=5.44%, sys=18.25%, ctx=879868, majf=0, minf=10
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.1%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=935167,401087,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=974MiB/s (1021MB/s), 974MiB/s-974MiB/s (1021MB/s-1021MB/s), io=57.1GiB (61.3GB), run=60002-60002msec
  WRITE: bw=418MiB/s (438MB/s), 418MiB/s-418MiB/s (438MB/s-438MB/s), io=24.5GiB (26.3GB), run=60002-60002msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=932332/399958, sectors=119338496/51191368, merge=0/43, ticks=1854322/18428, in_queue=1872779, util=80.25%

Key Benchmark Metrics

Metric	Read Operations	Write Operations	Combined / Total
Throughput (BW)	974 MiB/s (1,021 MB/s)	418 MiB/s (438 MB/s)	~1,392 MiB/s (~1,459 MB/s)
IOPS	15,600 IOPS	6,684 IOPS	22,284 Total IOPS
Average Latency (`clat`)	~2.01 ms ($2,007\,\mu\text{s}$)	~0.075 ms ($75.5\,\mu\text{s}$)	Read-dominated queue weight
p90 / p99 Latency	~2.34 ms / ~3.13 ms	~0.12 ms / ~0.27 ms	Excellent write cache buffer handling
CPU Overhead	—	—	~23.7% total (18.25% sys, 5.44% usr)

Analysis & Key Takeaways

Read/Write Ratio Alignment: The workload successfully maintained the target ~70/30 split (~70% read throughput at 974 MiB/s vs. ~30% write throughput at 418 MiB/s).
Block Size Scaling: Switching from 1MB blocks to 64KB blocks increased overall transaction frequency to ~22.3k total IOPS while reducing read latency from ~5.8ms down to ~2.01ms.
Asymmetric Write Latency: Write completion latency (clat avg of 75.5 microseconds) is dramatically lower than read latency (2.01 milliseconds). This indicates the NVMe controller is immediately committing incoming writes directly into its high-speed DRAM cache / SLC buffer, while read operations require physical flash NAND cell lookups.
Disk Headroom: Overall drive utilization measured at 80.25%, showing that while the controller is working hard, it is not completely saturated under this mixed queue structure.

#Test No. 4: Sequential Write (50G benchmark file)

Sustained Full-Drive Write (SLC Cache Exhaustion Test)
Writes continuously for 5–10 minutes to exhaust the drive's pseudo-SLC cache and reveal true TLC/QLC direct-to-NAND speeds.

fio --name=slc_exhaust --filename=/mnt/nvme/fio_test --size=50G --bs=1M --rw=write --direct=1 --ioengine=io_uring --iodepth=16 --runtime=300 --time_based

#Test No. 4: Results

Starting 1 process
slc_exhaust: Laying out IO file (1 file / 51200MiB)
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [W(1)][100.0%][w=2208MiB/s][w=2208 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
slc_exhaust: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=4101: Fri Aug  7 07:05:18 2026
  write: IOPS=2212, BW=2213MiB/s (2320MB/s)(648GiB/300008msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=18, max=6616, avg=74.61, stdev=50.14
    clat (usec): min=1084, max=58178, avg=7152.65, stdev=888.87
     lat (usec): min=1142, max=58359, avg=7227.25, stdev=886.50
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 6587],  5.00th=[ 6718], 10.00th=[ 6783], 20.00th=[ 6849],
     | 30.00th=[ 6915], 40.00th=[ 6915], 50.00th=[ 6915], 60.00th=[ 6980],
     | 70.00th=[ 7046], 80.00th=[ 7177], 90.00th=[ 7898], 95.00th=[ 8094],
     | 99.00th=[13304], 99.50th=[13566], 99.90th=[14615], 99.95th=[14746],
     | 99.99th=[19792]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 1948, max= 2264, per=100.00%, avg=2215.65, stdev=23.20, samples=599
   iops        : min= 1948, max= 2264, avg=2215.45, stdev=23.21, samples=599
  lat (msec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.06%, 10=98.68%, 20=1.25%, 50=0.01%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=6.17%, sys=13.22%, ctx=662361, majf=0, minf=8
  IO depths    : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=100.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.1%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=0,663873,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=16

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
  WRITE: bw=2213MiB/s (2320MB/s), 2213MiB/s-2213MiB/s (2320MB/s-2320MB/s), io=648GiB (696GB), run=300008-300008msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  nvme0n1: ios=0/5308694, sectors=0/1358990576, merge=0/884, ticks=0/36612805, in_queue=36613112, util=95.01%

Key Benchmark Metrics

Metric	Measured Value	Standard Seq Write (Test 2)	Variance
Sustained Throughput	~2,213 MiB/s (~2,320 MB/s)	~2,230 MiB/s (~2,339 MB/s)	-0.7% drop
Sustained IOPS	~2,212 IOPS	~2,230 IOPS	-0.8%
Average Latency (`clat`)	~7.15 ms ($7,152\,\mu\text{s}$)	~7.08 ms ($7,075\,\mu\text{s}$)	+1% increase
Min / Max Bandwidth	1,948 – 2,264 MiB/s	2,122 – 2,270 MiB/s	Slight lower dip
p99 / p99.99 Latency	~13.30 ms / ~19.79 ms	~13.30 ms / ~32.38 ms	Improved tail latency
Total Bytes Written	648 GiB in 300 seconds	65.4 GiB in 30 seconds	10x runtime test

Analysis & Key Takeaways

Zero SLC Cache Failure / Thermal Throttling: Maintaining an average ~2,213 MiB/s across 648 GiB written in 5 minutes indicates that either the drive uses a massive dynamic SLC cache allocation that didn’t exhaust, or its direct-to-TLC raw NAND write performance is natively capable of holding ~2.2 GiB/s sustained without falling back to a slow folding state.
Stable Bandwidth Range: Across 599 time-series samples over 300 seconds, standard deviation remained low (23.20 MiB/s). The minimum bandwidth dip stayed at 1,948 MiB/s, showing no mid-run controller lockups or aggressive thermal step-downs.
Controlled Latency Spectrum: 98.68% of writes completed cleanly between 4ms and 10ms, nearly matching the shorter 30-second run (98.59%). Maximum latency actually decreased from 34.5ms (Test 2) to 19.8ms (p99.99), demonstrating remarkable controller stability under prolonged thermal load.

Benchmark Comparison (Final Results)

Presented here is the performance comparison chart displaying the read versus write results for our Orange Pi 6 on a 1TB PCIe 3.0 x4 NVMe:

Updated Benchmark Summary

Metric	Test 1: Sequential Read	Test 2: Sequential Write	Test 3: Mixed Workload (70/30)	Test 4: Sustained SLC Exhaustion
Workload Profile	100% Read (`bs=1M`)	100% Write (`bs=1M`)	70% Read / 30% Write (`bs=64k`)	100% Write (`bs=1M`)
Queue Depth / Jobs	QD16 / 1 Job	QD16 / 1 Job	QD32 / 1 Job	QD16 / 1 Job
Runtime / Volume	~18s / 48.7 GiB	30s / 65.4 GiB	60s / 81.6 GiB Total	300s (5 min) / 648 GiB
Read Throughput	2,724 MiB/s (2,856 MB/s)	—	974 MiB/s (1,021 MB/s)	—
Write Throughput	—	2,230 MiB/s (2,339 MB/s)	418 MiB/s (438 MB/s)	2,213 MiB/s (2,320 MB/s)
Aggregate Throughput	2,724 MiB/s	2,230 MiB/s	1,392 MiB/s	2,213 MiB/s
Read IOPS / Write IOPS	2,724 / 0	0 / 2,230	15,600 / 6,684	0 / 2,212
Avg Latency (`clat`)	5.81 ms	7.08 ms	Read: 2.01 ms / Write: 0.08 ms	7.15 ms
Tail Latency (p99)	13.17 ms	13.30 ms	Read: 3.13 ms / Write: 0.27 ms	13.30 ms
Disk Util / System CPU	90.6% util / 14.9% sys	94.1% util / 17.2% sys	80.3% util / 18.3% sys	95.0% util / 13.2% sys

Key Technical Conclusions

Interface Saturation: Sequential reads peaked at 2,724 MiB/s (~2,856 MB/s), saturating the physical PCIe 3.0 x4 bus limits.
Sustained NAND Integrity: In Test 4, writing 648 GiB continuously over 5 minutes resulted in a minimal 0.7% throughput delta (2,213 MiB/s vs. 2,230 MiB/s in 30s), proving the drive does not suffer from thermal throttling or severe cache exhaustion under high-volume transfers.
Queue & Controller Optimization: The io_uring engine kept host CPU overhead low (~13–18% sys) while keeping 98%+ of completion latencies tightly bounded under 10 ms across all queue depth configurations.

Key Data Visualization Summary

Metric	Test 1: Seq Read	Test 2: Seq Write	Test 3: Mixed (70/30)	Test 4: Sustained Write
Throughput	2,724 MiB/s	2,230 MiB/s	1,392 MiB/s	2,213 MiB/s
IOPS	2,724 IOPS	2,230 IOPS	22,284 IOPS	2,212 IOPS
Avg Latency (`clat`)	5.81 ms	7.08 ms	1.43 ms	7.15 ms
Block Size / Queue	1MB / QD16	1MB / QD16	64KB / QD32	1MB / QD16

Here is the exact data visualization representing your XrayDisk Pro 1TB NVMe performance metrics across all four test runs:

NVMe performance metrics for the Orange Pi 6, showing throughput, IOPS, and latency across four tests.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

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Key Benchmark Metrics

Analysis & Key Takeaways

Key Benchmark Metrics

Analysis & Key Takeaways

Key Benchmark Metrics

Analysis & Key Takeaways

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Key Benchmark Metrics

Analysis & Key Takeaways

Key Benchmark Metrics

Analysis & Key Takeaways

Key Benchmark Metrics

Analysis & Key Takeaways

Key Benchmark Metrics

Analysis & Key Takeaways

Benchmark Comparison (Final Results)

Updated Benchmark Summary

Key Technical Conclusions

Key Data Visualization Summary

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